The American Two Party Political System Essays - Elections

The American Two Party Political System The American two Party Political System Since the administration of George Washington two political parties have dominated the United States political system, but they have not always been the same two parties. The first two parties were the Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Federalists were those who supported a strong federal government and the Anti-Federalists were those who did not. The leaders of the Federalists were Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. Both were from the Northeast where the Federalist line of thinking was strongest. Thomas Jefferson became the leader of the Anti-Federalists. These two groups really did not considered themselves parties. The founders feared parties because they thought of them as factions. They were self centered and driven by ambition to forward their own self-interests. Thomas Jefferson organized his Anti-Federalist followers and they became known as the Jeffersonian Republicans. This organization of the Federalist opposition in the election of 1800 is what is known as the Revolution of 1800. The Federalists feared the Jeffersonians were out to undermine the government, while Jefferson's party felt the same about the Federalists. By the time Jefferson was elected to the presidency in 1800 his party was called Democratic Republican. The Federalist Party disappeared as a political force by the 1820 election, mostly because of its opposition to the War of 1812. The fall of the Federalist Party left the country with only one major party, but only for a short time. During the 1820's Democratic Republicans began to split into two parts. The conservatives of the party favored a strong nationalism, a protective tariff, and a national bank. They called themselves National Republicans. The others stood for states' rights, tariff for revenue only, and an independent treasury. They took the name Democratic and elected its leader, Andrew Jackson, to the Presidency in 1828 and 1832. The party of Jackson is today's Democratic Party. By the election of 1836 the National Republicans and other anti-Jacksonians had merged to form a new party, the Whigs. They lost to the Democrats that year, but in 1840 they succeeded in getting William Henry Harrison elected President. In 1844 the Whig candidate, Henry Clay, lost to James Polk, but in the next election Zachary Taylor won for the Whigs. This seemed to be a time of uncertainty in political direction. While this uncertainty was taking place, a social force greater than party loyalty was beginning to reshape American politics. The slavery issue, with the passions it aroused in the North and the South, gradually compelled a realignment of parties. The Whigs party began to split in 1852. This was a result of the deep split in opinion over slavery. During the next few years most Southern Whigs joined the Democrats. Northern Whigs joined northern antislavery Democrats. In 1854 groups of northern men against slavery urged the creation of a new political party opposed to the continuation of slavery. This party has become today's Republicans. During 1854 to1860, the slavery issue became such a hot topic that even Democrats were becoming divided among themselves. In 1860 four candidates ran for the presidency. Brekenridge was the Southern Democrats candidate, Douglas was the Northern Democrats candidate, Abraham Lincoln was the Republican candidate, and Bell was the candidate for a third p arty. This was a very significant election because the parties were so divided on the single issue of slavery. Abraham Lincoln won with only 40% of the popular vote. What makes this even more amazing is that his entire portion of the popular vote came exclusively from the north. His name was not even on the ballot in the south. It was shortly after this election that the American Civil War between the North and South began. The Republicans emerged from the Civil War with great political strength. The Democrats were seen as the party of slavery and secession. Republican control of the national government lasted for 72 years except for the 16 years when Grover Cleveland and Woodrow Wilson were in the White House. The Great Depression of the 1930s had a powerful influence on American politics. The economic disaster helped Franklin D. Roosevelt, a Democrat, get elected as President in 1932. His first administration developed what has been called the

Dan Gable Essays - Dan Gable, Wrestling, Bobby Douglas, Free Essays

Dan Gable Essays - Dan Gable, Wrestling, Bobby Douglas, Free Essays Dan Gable Dan Gable is recognized many as the greatest amateur wrestler in U.S. history. He is known by many to be a good coach, wrestler, and friend. He was regarded as the nation's most successful wrestling coach. Gable is a brilliant wrestler (Garlits 34 and Lippy 161). Dan Gable was born on October 25, 1948 in Waterloo, Iowa. He started his wrestling career in junior high school. He then attended West High School. While at West High School Gable went on to improve his wrestling skills by winning three straight championships in a row (Garlits 34). Gable continued his wrestling career at the college of Iowa State. During his years at Iowa State he won the NCAA 130-pound title as a sophomore and the 137 weight class as a junior. He was named outstanding wrestler of the tournament. Gable was undefeated going into his final match of his senior year. At this point he was 180-0 for his high school and college career. Gable fought his way to the NCAA finals with ease, but he lost his last match (Garlits 35 and McCallum 509) Gable's last match was against Larry Owings in 1970. Owings was a sophomore from Washington State College. Gable was winning by two points with twenty-seven seconds left. He lost the match when his opponent Owings threw a four-point move. Owings was the only man to defeat Gable (Garlits 35 and McCallum 509, 510). Although Gable's loss to Owings was a big defeat, he did not stop wrestling. Gable went on to win all of his international matches; he qualified for the Olympic Team beating Larry Owings 7-1 in the trials. Gable worked hard. He was devoted to win the Olympics. Gable won the 1973 light weight Wrestling Olympics with ease. No one scored a point on him (Garlits 35, 36, 37; Looney 499; Johnson 133 ) Dan Gable, the brilliant wrestler from America's midwest, says, Sometimes people seem to think the Olympics is track and field, and maybe swimming. Or, in the winter, figure skating. It is a lot more of different sports. My gold medal means as much to me as a sprinter's means to him. There are a lot of wrestlers and weight lifters and volley ball players, a lot of skiers and gymnast and field hockey players who sacrifice a lot of their lives and work hard and suffer a lot to get goo at what they do, and maybe they don't get much out of it, maybe not any publicity over an Olympic year, no attention, no money, no fancy offers, probably not even a medal. (Lippy 161, 162) Gable retired from wrestling after the Olympics. He had the greatest amateur wrestling career in the U.S. history. Gable then went on to be a coach for Iowa University. It is at Iowa University where he has given his greatest contributions of coaching (Garlits 34, 37). Gable started coaching at the University of Iowa in 1977; it did not take long for him to achieve a good name for himself. He led Iowa to win sixteen Big Ten championships and eleven NCAA titles (Garlits 37 and Looney 499). Gable's life consists mostly of wrestling, but he also shares that life with his family. His wife Cathy and three daughters Jennifer, Amy, and Molly have been there for him throughout his career (Looney 497, 515). Gable had to take off from coaching for the 1998 season. He had surgery on his hip-wrestling has taken its toll on him. He has had surgery on almost every joint in the human body. Gable was so intense as a young athlete that he did not care if he was hurt. He just wanted to wrestle (Garlits 36, 37 ). One of Gable's biggest motivations was his older sister. She was murdered by a neighborhood boy. The tragedy inspired him to excel. Gable feels the loss made him stronger (Looney 515). Dan Gable has had a brilliant career that will never be forgotten by the sport of wrestling. His dedication and intensity is the inspiration many people need to succeed. He is truly one of the best wrestlers of all time (Looney 518). Bibliography Garlits, Dan. The Lincoln Library of Champions. 1989 ed., page 34. Johnson, Paul. Inside the Olympic Games. Chicago: 1992,

Nowadays, food has become easier to prepare. Has this changed or Essay

Nowadays, food has become easier to prepare. Has this changed or improved the way people live Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer - Essay Example Because of the need for greater efficiency without sacrificing quality in meal preparation, enterprising business has turned towards the processing and packaging of meals and food ingredients, and the development of kitchen appliances that speed up the cooking process. These products have come to be a permanent feature of modern living, which begs the question: do easy-to-prepare meals impact life positively or negatively? The position of this writer is that it does, and does so positively. Let us first describe what â€Å"easy-to-prepare meals† include – or rather, what they do not include. They do not include fast foods and junk foods, since these type of foods do not require any preparation at all on the part of the consumer, and often are not even considered nutrition. Empty calories are decidedly not under consideration when one speaks of easy-to-prepare meals, which essentially are meals that are nutritious and substantial as much as they are simple and quick. First and most apparent benefit that comes from quicker meal preparation is the savings in time and effort for the cook. Few families could afford the services of a permanent cook to prepare family meals, which means that usually it’s mom, dad, or an older sibling who does the cooking. Expectedly, family members have things to do and places to go, and it is not uncommon for both parents to hold jobs. The demographics gathered by government agencies show the unmistakable increasing trend in the number of women leaving home to work: "In 1950 about one in three women participated in the labor force. By 1998, nearly three of every five women of working age were in the labor force. Among women age 16 and over, the labor force participation rate was 33.9 percent in 1950, compared with 59.8 percent in 1998. "As more women are added to the labor

Lindsay Anderson's View of British Class and Society Essay

Lindsay Anderson's View of British Class and Society - Essay Example He later became a film critic for the Sequence Magazine co-founded with his long life friends Karl Reisz and Gavin Lambert. He later wrote for Sight and Sound, a journal for the British Film Institute and the New Statesman, a left wing weekly. He lashed at contemporary critics and their objectivity pursuit in one article for Sights and Sounds. Anderson went on to develop a philosophy concerning cinema, which was christened the Free Cinema movement in the latter part of the 1950s. This philosophy held that cinema in Britain needed to break off from the class-bound attitudes it projected and that the national screens needed to be adorned with stories of non-metropolitan Britain. This paper seeks to examine three of Anderson’s films: â€Å"If...†, â€Å"O, Lucky Man†, and â€Å"Britannia hospital† and the view of British class and society that they provided. The use of the word new wave to describe cultural phenomena is a vital metaphor that when extended and scrutinised further allows one to picture the deep up currents and swellings that formed the wave (Allon, 2007 p7). These films challenged the old norms and were driven by an amalgam of social-democratic and liberal sentiments, which can ironically be viewed as a portion of the success of the economic boom in Britain that allowed the era’s youth to dream, in relatively secure economic mind-frames, about futures other than those that had been held as the norm. Perhaps a perfect example is If†¦, which came at the tail-end of the New Wave’s phase of social realism and had a nature that was ambiguous in both its recognition of a rapidly changing and expanding British future and its style, both in technique and theme. After his vital role in the Free Cinema movement development, he was involved integrally in the social realist filmmaking of the British New Wave (Anderson et al, 2007 p45). His movie This Sporting Life, based on flashbacks, was viewed as having too much intensity and purely naturalistic. In 1968, Anderson made If†¦, which exceeded the success of Sporting Life. This was the 1st and most successful film of the loose trilogy that included Oh Lucky Man and Britannia Hospital. While the last two were not as successful as the If, they are considered as films of their era. Anderson worked the script for if with David Sherwin, which was co-produced by Michael Medwin and the director. It was set in a great public school in Britain, where the ruling class of Britain traditionally schooled their sons in the use of power (Hedling, 2008 p32). The script attracted Anderson for its projection of schools as a microcosm, especially, in Britain where social system was mirrored in its educational system. The film’s photography work was done by Ondricek, with most of the film in black and white. Some of the scenes are in colour though this is done intuitively rather than rationally. The film has eight chapters, some of the chapters being â€Å"Resistance†, â€Å"Discipline†, and â€Å"College House† among others. These chapters are further sib-divided into short scenes (Hedling, 2008 p32). This division was, from the beginning, intended as a device of Brechtian alienation, succinctly reminding the audience that what they were watching was an artificial construct rather than reality. The film aimed at having a powerful objectivity element such as vital in all films targeting understanding. If†¦

Online discussion Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Online discussion - Coursework Example Another approach of saving time at the office offered by Grady is to ignore the conference voice calls and embrace the use of emails. This implies that the notion of Mindless Accept Syndrome (MAS) should stop by changing behaviors (Grady, n.p). The meetings that lack proper agendas should not take place and, instead, workers need to complete their tasks at the offices. Behavioral change is a significant aspect that will ensure workers avoid unproductive meetings. It involves urging meeting planners to use convenient avenues when calling workers for conferences as this avoids time wasting. Workers should also be informed about the impending meeting dates to avoid rush and unplanned attendance. Grady gives an example of a meeting being called on a Monday morning when workers should start attending to their tasks. This compels the staff to attend without understanding its importance or their roles in it. It is vital to ensure that workers have the option of not attending all meetings to allow them work on their

Factors in Child Language Development

Factors in Child Language Development Acquisitions of language and literacy skills are important to be internalized as early as possible in the development of the childs early education. The child starts acquiring such language and skills as from the moment s/he is born and not as s/he starts school; which skills evolve and become more complex as the child matures. Hence the first major steps in language are taken at home and then built on and reinforced at school as the child mixes with other children, each from different backgrounds and under the teachers guidance. The school and educators must strive hard in getting a glimpse of each individual childs background because only in knowing what baggage the child has brought with him to school, the educator is able to see the world from the childs perspective. This is very much in line with Piagets theory of learning since he stresses upon the fact that learning depends on a number of factors which include the childs prior knowledge, age, maturity, social and family influe nces, contextual setting as well as ways of learning. The educator must therefore get in touch with such knowledge about each and every child in class in order to help and support children in organizing their prior knowledge, which is a product of family and background influence. The importance of the adults or educators role in the development of the childs language and literacy has been recognized since it is the educator who helps the child become aware of certain aspects of the language and in so doing helping and supporting the development of language and literacy. The adult should be the role model for the child to imitate and emulate since children learn a lot from imitation and hence help the child reinforcing language and literacy acquisition. According to Piaget this takes place through assimilation and accommodation of new knowledge which in turns leads to equilibrium. Other theorists, including the Nativists such as Chomsky and Constructivists such as Skinner amongst oth ers, attempted to explain how the child develops language and literacy skills. Vygotsky and later Bruner, who refined his work, attempted to explain how language developes; language as a product of social interactions and environment. All different theories left a significant impact on our educational system. What characteristics within the home environment promote strong development in these areas? Home background marks the difference amongst children since not everyone is brought up the same and exposed to the same environment. Wilkinson, (1980) argues that, while the adult can offer a certain resistance to his environment, the child accepts it, drinks it in. Thus the whole environment of the child should be a positive, harmonious one. (as citied in Bruce, 1997, p.18). Implying that children are easily affected from everything that happens around them, especially in their home environment, but unfortunately not every child experiences a positive one. Early theories of development, including Jerome Bruner, argues that children learn a lot from imitation and in recognizing the others different experiences. Same with language since children are all the time imitating others and in so doing imitating language heard and learning that different intonations and words create different meaning in different situations. Developmentalists, like Catherine Snow (1997) argues that: even the quality of living and social level contribute to the language skills the children are exposed to. (as citied in Bee Boyd, 2010 p.217). The mother or primary care giver is crucial in the development of the child and by implication this person leaves a considerable impact and influence on the childs exposure to literacy and also in language development. Parents are childrens first and most powerful teachers and most important role models. (as citied in Carlyon, Carlyon McCarthy, 1998). Particular importance is given to the way the mother interacts with the child since language skills are transferred to the child. This infant directed speech is called motherese; where the simplicity and repetitiveness of the adults speech helps the child in language acquisition as well as in picking out the repeated grammatical forms used in speech. Research suggests that motherese plays a crucial role in language development; however these interactions start to interest the child mostly when s/he starts using language to communicate for him/herself. The child then would attempt to repeat and use words heard and forms in his own speec h to communicate while the adult guides and supports the child by recasting sentences and modeling the correct grammatical forms. In a literate society just as learning to speak it is equally important to be exposed to and acquire literacy skills. However, such skills need much more effort for the child to tap into his/her cognitive and motor skills. Denny Taylor (1983) argues that literacy is part of the very fabric of the family life (as citied in Bruce, 1997 p.130). The home is the main and first source of literacy since it is where the child is introduced to functional literacy. The child sees the family members engaging in literacy activities and most of the time the child get involved actively in these experiences and thus grasping the functions of such literacy actions and skills. The child learns that literacy is everywhere and that it conveys meaning by noticing some writing from scraps of paper in the house, phone messages, texts in storybooks and much other situations where the child is exposed to symbols in a context. Most of the time parents unconsciously expose their children to text in their ever yday situations and involving them in the literate society e.g. in doing shopping lists or choosing packets of cereal to buy. Parents are usually not aware that they are helping in the acquisition of literacy skills. Exposing children as from a very young age to printed text is extremely important e.g. being read-to, especially bed time stories. Bed time stories give the opportunity for one to one experience where the child is read-to and thus start making sense of text. Exposing the child to phonics would also help in reading and also in writing. Later on, the child starts learning about the multiciplicity of literate activities especially when the child start mixing with other children and participating in different social events e.g. Birthday parties. Children should also be exposed to writing and taught some basics so that they will find it useful later on at school. The parents should prepare the child for formal instruction e.g. in tracing letters and also in grasping the concept of words and spelling and helping the child get accustomed to the written language. How can an early years educator extend a rich language environment in an early years setting? Providing the children with a rich language environment requires the school to work hand in hand and collaborate with the family and all the different backgrounds the children come from because this affects a lot the performances and approaches children have at school. Each individual childs background must be acknowledged as well as appreciated and the differentiation accounted for, since each child has his own individual abilities and needs, in providing same opportunities to all individuals for fostering language and literacy. Where possible, parents should be actively involved in the childrens education since, When parents are involved, children do better in school and go to better schools. (Henderson, 1987), (as citied in Carlyon, Carlyon McCarthy, 1998). In an early classroom the educator needs to provide a balanced literacy environment where the four vital areas of language are addressed; speaking listening, writing and reading. It is healthy to expose the children to a variety of strategies and resources to stimulate these four areas simultaneously and providing meaningful activities in a context where children are encouraged to explore and get results; thus exploring the world for themselves. Children need to be provided with opportunities for first hand experiences which involve the use of senses as well as adequate challenge so that they are actively engaged in activities as well as satisfying their curiosity to further their knowledge. Most importantly the children must be given opportunity to see the teacher engaged in the reading and writing situations because in so doing they can see the adult as their role model. In class the children must be accustomed to read and write alouds which help them get a sense of audience. Indep endent reading and shared reading help the children as well in acquiring those skills needed later on in their life as well as in interactive reading and writing. In school a continuant promotion for reading and writing must take place; in fact in 1983 Health proposed a list of social oriented purposes for engaging children in reading and writing; which list is still applicable today. There exist a lot of methods and strategies to be employed in class which help the children to be exposed to a rich language environment. One of which is through language games since they tap in their cognitive development while having fun. Looking in different books and dictionaries as well as role plays are also very useful because it helps the children get into the context, explore and rehears language. Children should be exposed to a variety of text to help them expand and gradually build their vocabulary to a rich language development. Moreover, exposure to printed material helps a lot the children in developing a positive attitude to language and literacy. It also helps the children to learn different attitudes and concepts which provide personal and language gains. Children must be exposed to the writing simultaneously with other language skills although writing is in fact a longer and more deliberate process. Writing helps the child clarify and confide thinking by hypothesizing and recording feelings while also creates amusement through ones own writing. In class the teacher must offer all the help and support needed in helping the child throughout in his writing, especially when the child attempts to write something new on his own. Realistic opportunities and adequate environment for stimulating writing must be provided which furthers the childs confidence in experimenting wit h language. Children learn writing through trial and error and by experimentation but approach and purpose for writing depends on the childs age. In class children must be involved in writing which meets everyday activities e.g. in writing the shopping list since for some children this may be a totally new experience thus opportunities for role playing such experiences must be accounted for e.g. writing to the classrooms post office or going to the bank amongst others help a lot the children to make use of language in a functional meaningful way. According to Jo. Weinburger, writing does not just happen.since development occurs within a cultural and social context, children from different backgrounds will necessary have different experiences of writing. (as cited from Bruce, 1997 p.128). In class the teacher must cater for these differences as well as providing them with opportunities for individual activities. Acknowledgement of the emergent literacy, which the children builds on b efore starting formal education, must take place while engaging them in shared activities where children are encouraged to speak and share their own experiences in relation to the text. There are different methods for encouraging writing, mainly through; letter shapes, phonics, letter blending or word building amongst others. In the past school was all about reading and writing and very little on listening and speaking; a reality which I faced myself during my school days. Nowadays we have seen a gradual change in our educational system where the importance of listening and speaking in language development have been recognized, acted upon and catered for inside our schools. July Fisher (1996) emphasized that, one of the most important elements for young learners is the provision of opportunities for children to talk together and with adults (as citied in Bee Boyd, 2010 p.218). This highlights the importance of interaction and in practicing the spoken language to communicate and share ideas while listening to each other. In 1977, Tough came up with a list of functions and purposes for which children should be engaged in oral language. The adult role also places a significant role because it guides and supports communication throughout. The importance of being read-to at home can and should be extended in the classroom as well since this is extremely important and cannot afford to be missed from the childs education thus children must be read-to on a regular basis even in school. Read-to in class provides the children with the attention which they might not be provided at home. It also provides the opportunity for children to listen to language used in different contexts. Through different strategies, e.g. phonics, letter words and look and say method amongst others, the childs learning is facilitated. Development of phonological awareness as early as possible would help in learning to read; the faster this is learned, the faster the child learns to read fluently. The Importance of reading has been recognized; in fact the International Reading Association (IRA) suggests that children have a number of literacy right s which aims for excellent reading instruction. What are the short-term and long-term implications of a language rich-environment from a childs perspective? The child in his early education needs to be exposed to a variety of fruitful opportunities in order to introduce him/her to the language and also to acquire literacy skills. Throughout this journey of language development the child builds goals for himself; some of which are for the immediate future and others for more long term future attainment. Continuous support and praise help the child a lot in building goals since they boost his/her self esteem and confidence needed for working on the attainment of such goals. The adult presents himself as the role model for the child whom to imitate and emulate by presenting himself as a writer, reader, listener and also a speaker. The child builds short term goals for things which he hasnt been able to do on his own but he is sure and most probably can in the near future. He would also build future long term goals for things he wishes to attain in his future. Scaffolding helps the child building his confidence in attaining such goals. Motherese helps a lot in the spoken language because through communication with the adult and in recasting the childs sentences the child is able to initiate words and formulate sentences. Skinner (1957) argues that the child shapes his process of speech through imitation and systematic reinforcement. The child is continuously imitating and pretending to be someone else and in so doing appreciating and exploring others experiences and speech in different contexts. Helping the child participate and get involved in conversations and discussions makes the child use his spoken language skills for communication. Being read-to and in letting the child choose his own books gives the child a sense of security which is needed for him/her in setting short term goals in attempting to join in the reading through prediction and repetitive patterns. Exposing children to different stories help the children get accustomed to pictures and text and in matching the word with texts. It also helps the ch ild expand his vocabulary and encourages the child to learn more words. The child builds long term goals for himself for learning to read on his own just like the adult does. Shared reading helps the child a lot because children help and learn a lot from each other. Letting the child discover his/her own writing and in helping to explore different forms of writing encourages the child in taking part in the writing process. Keeping a record of the childrens work and displaying them in the classroom help children to be proud of their work. Children must be encouraged to be their own authors and in sharing their work which helps in building self-confidence. There are other goals which the child sets in an indirect way, e.g. through sharing experiences and in shared reading the child learns the value of trust and respect. The child also learns the value of tolerance and accepting cultural differences through different stories. The child learns that everyone is different and must be appreciated for these differences. The short term implications affect the child in the immediate form that s/he is faced with every day in class. While the long term ones affect the child throughout his life because its a life-lesson which the child will remember all his life and help him in his future.

German Guilt in Bernhard Schlinks The Reader Essay -- essays research

Every year or so, something happens in the media that brings us all back to the atrocities of World War II, and the German persecution of the Jews. It seems that the horrors of that time can only be digested and understood in small bites. How else can we personalize and comprehend a tragedy of that magnitude? Most of what we read and view in the media about the holocaust is a perspective from the Jewish experience. Recently, however, a question has been posed in regards to finding closure with that troubling piece of history from the German conscience. Can one German's experience reflect the tendencies of the entire country with regards to passion, denial, guilt, and finally justice? Absolutely, according to Michael Berg, the main character in Bernhard Schlink?s novel, The Reader. After being hypnotized for two days while I read this very interesting story, I would have to agree. Once I saw the startling similarities in the area of seduction, the door opened for me to see what I believe Schlink was trying to show all along. We are capable of behaving in quite extraordinary ways, but when all is said and done, we must live with the consequences of our actions, as individuals or as a Nation. Although we may deny the motives of our past actions, either good or bad, the truth does not change, and with the truth comes a reckoning, The book starts in post-war Germany. A fifteen year old Michael Berg is assisted by a beautiful older woman after vomiting in the street. He is very ill and needs months to recover from Hepatitis, but goes back to thank the woman, Hanna, as soon as he is fit enough to leave his home. Although Mich... ...anting to forgive the German war criminals, (Hanna), but being unable to openly because it would appear to condone the actions. He speaks of something being so horrific that the mind can become numb to it. What would his approach to Hanna have been if he had not been involved with her emotionally? The questions keep coming, with no easy answers. Michael tries to atone for his betrayal of Hanna by reading books to her on cassette, then sending them to her in prison. Hanna learns to read and gains understanding of the Holocaust. She tries to atone for her involvement by leaving her earnings to a survivor and after she dies, Michael attempts to carry out her will. The survivor refuses the money, and sends Michael on his way with no sympathy. This book leaves many of us quietly asking ourselves, ?What would I have done. It also demands to be read again.

My Teacher, My Hero Essay

When my friends asked me to write again, I decided to start my compilation with something meaningful, a themed essay for the My Teacher, My Hero theme, contrary to last year wherein I had a hard time choosing who to pay tribute to, this year is much different, it was easy and I believe, it is the most obvious choice. Everyone has someone to keep them on their own feet as they walk through life. Normally, it would be your parent or friend, but mine is different, I had kept myself intact with the help of a teacher. Teachers are usually there to impart knowledge and give you an opportunity to move on with life, I was blessed to have someone during my college days who takes time to make sure that I was okay and the strength to hold on to when everything else went astray, he was Engr. Elmerito D. Pineda. I first met Engr. Pineda as my professor back when I was in First Year (Advanced Programming Languages in C) , back then, things were just inside the classroom – lectures, quizzes, exercises which brought my confidence back after losing my scholarship during the previous term but things turned different when I was in my Third Year and he became our thesis mentor. He turned out to be the #1 Supporter to what we have wanted in the first place, the Alumni Tracer for FEU – East Asia College. Despite both parties having to adjust to the situation of having a part-time mentor last year, we both exerted effort to follow-up and communicate with each other. Since I was always doing the documentation portion of most our projects, I was the one responsible for making follow-ups with the mentor, which happened to be Mr. Pineda. I took it as my responsibility to stay late, meet him after classes for checking and even go straight to his FEU Main class just to finish the proposal for our thesis. Unfortunately, our second term was cut short after failing the proposal defense – but when things thought that it was the end of our mentorship with Engr. Pineda, we were wrong. He stayed with us until the very end. He had always made sure that I was okay. He had always made me feel secure especially by showing me how much he believes in the entire group. When we are back for the third term with a different project and mentor, he made sure he would ask us about our thesis and he was one of the few people who first congratulated us after a successful defense – indeed, he showed me that he was true to his words when we started communicating, â€Å"Dito lang ako for you, parang si Ms. Bong (Evelyn Ruth M. Manuel)†. He never left the group, he never left me during the good times and the bad times. Even if he is not physically present, his presence would always be felt wholeheartedly, and in the little ways he does it, I am extremely grateful. As time pass by, I looked up to him as one of the best friends and as my â€Å"dad† in school. I still see him from time to time. He has helped mold my character to be as strong as it is right now. He has his own way of teaching me things, he doesn’t get mad easily when you do something wrong, however, he has his own way to show you that you are wrong and it is proven effective to me, I managed to make amends and never do things again. For all the things he has done for me, all I can do to repay is to be there for him as well. I know I would be supporting him in whatever he would aspire to do in his life. I also look forward to see him finish Doctoral of Information Technology sometime next year for it would add weapons to his already impressive curriculum vitae. I hope he touch more lives and help direct it to a better place, just like how he helped me push my life back on track. My life would never be perfect. I would always experience the roller-coasters of being a human being but I would always remember one thing, that indeed, I was blessed. I was blessed to have people that would guide me. I was blessed to have people who would accept me for who I am. Furthermore, I am blessed to have Engr. Elmerito D. Pineda in my life, whatever you do call him, he would always have a special place in my life, a great mentor, friend and a dad. Engr. Elmerito D. Pineda, hats off†¦ my 2011 would not be complete without having the opportunity to thank you for everything that you have done for me.

Foundations for physiotherapy practice The WritePass Journal

Foundations for physiotherapy practice Introduction Foundations for physiotherapy practice IntroductionConclusionReferencingRelated Introduction   This essay will explore the disease COPD and explain the systemic effects that the disease has on the body as a whole. Exercise is investigated in the essay and shows how it may change the quality of life of a patient and decrease certain symptoms of COPD; it will also explain the negative effects that inactivity may cause a patient with COPD. There is varies interventions used to make living with COPD more tolerable for patients. It talks about how exercise benefits the body by decreasing dyspnoea, how increasing the body’s muscle strength will relieve fatigue and decrease the respiratory demand. The affects of exercising on anxiety and depression are examined also. The physiotherapists role will be included detailing all the different techniques that they use for treatment including breathing control, airway clearance, inspiratory muscle training which helps with inspiratory endurance and strength and improving mobility. Finally the important of upper body and strength e xercises will be questioned as to how it helps with improving mobility and promoting rehabilitation. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an umbrella term used to describe somebody who suffers from both Chronic bronchitis (Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi (the airways of the lungs) and emphysema (Emphysema is damage to the smaller airways and air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs). COPD is the term most preferred but you may also hear it called COLD (chronic obstructive lung disease) or COAD (chronic obstructive airway disease). Pulmonary means affecting the lungs. COPD causes a chronic (ongoing) cough with phlegm, is rare before the age of 35 and there is permanent damage to the airways. The narrowed airways are fixed, and so symptoms are chronic (persistent). Treatment to open up the airways is limited as a result. (patient.co.uk, 2010) As before COPD or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is two disorders in one emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Bronchitis affects the airways with inflammation narrowing the airway sometimes with phlegm. Chronic bronchitis is a mor e specific condition and it is defined by the amount of phlegm that a person has coughed up over a particular time frame. To be described as chronic bronchitis a person has to be coughing up phlegm every morning for at least 3 consecutive months within a period of at least two years. Chronic bronchitis is mostly caused by cigarette smoking it can also occur form environmental factors. Emphysema is the other disorder you must be diagnosed with to be diagnosed with COPD. Emphysema affects your alveoli which are the little sacs of air at the end of bronchiole in your lungs where gaseous exchange occurs. These are normally made from a very elastic tissue so that they can expand when air fills the lungs. In emphysema, large numbers of the alveoli have been destroyed and there is much less area where gaseous exchange can take place so although people can breathe in it cannot get into the bloodstream. (Miles and Roberts, 2005, PP.1-3) Another systemic effect of COPD is the effect on the musculoskeletal system because of the breathlessness which reduces your exercise capacity which has a knock on effect. When you don’t exercise it has adverse effects on your body muscle wastage and weakening means you may become breathless easier as you will have less muscle and/or strength to perform the same tasks and will require more effort and put more metabolic demand on your body compared to if you had stronger muscles. Muscle weakness whatever the cause has severe consequences, including exercise limitation, reduced quality of life, more of a demand for healthcare assistance and its resources and more severely reduced survival. Physical de-conditioning may lead to a marked decrease in a patient’s ability to cope with activities of daily living, finding even the simplest of tasks to be leaving them breathless, consequently leading to a decrease in quality of life and also decreased survival. It is apparent that systemic manifestations are typical in COPD. Granted, many patients demonstrate a gradual and significant weight loss that exacerbates the course and prognosis of disease. This weight loss is also accompanied by peripheral muscle dysfunction and weakness. (Decramer, M. Et al. 2005, PP. s3-s10) With COPD it is not just the physical effects that play a role in the disease there are neuropsychiatric disorders like depression and anxiety which are more common in people with COPD. Depression in people with COPD rises with an increase in hypoxemia, carbon dioxide levels or dyspnoea. Hypoxemia may be a substantial cause in the development of depression and anxiety in COPD due to brain injury; however oxygen therapy results in little or no improvement in the severity of the depression. Another cause of morbidity of depression and anxiety is negative self-perception and restrictions in behavioural functioning due to reduced physical capacity. (Armstrong 2010 PP. 132) Although the COPD patient population is proven to be more depressed than the general medical population, it is not more anxious, the levels of anxiety observed in the general medical or surgical population on the wards were very similar to those observed in the COPD population. Despite the similarities compared to the other wards the anxiety levels are still high compared to the population without any disease or disorder. (Light, R, W.et al. 1985, PP.35-38) COPD patients with psychiatric conditions spend twice as much time in hospital compared to those without depression and anxiety. It is also found that the quality of life of COPD patients can be impaired in all dimensions compared to those without depression and anxiety, high impact was seen both on walking around, mobility, sleep and rest. (MIKKELSEN, R, L. 2004, PP.65-70) Anxious patients tend to have quite significantly shorter pre-rehabilitation exercise capacity compared with non-anxious patients as do patients with increased depression compared with those who are not depressed. Patients following a pulmonary rehabilitation program for COPD show a statistically significant fall in both anxiety and depression as they progress in their program, with no patients showing any increases in either depression or anxiety. Patients with higher star ting anxiety level show a significantly larger increase their exercise capacity than those who start off with lower anxiety levels. Exercise rehabilitation is shown to produce clear improvements in anxiety and depression and to some extent reduces the number of patients with high anxiety and depression compared to no intervention. So exercise benefits COPD suffers with anxiety and depression at least as much as do those with lower levels. (Nicholas, Rudkin, and White, 1999, PP. 362-365) COPD has effects on the cardiovascular system by increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease by up to three-fold. Several different studies have shown that the function of endothelial in COPD is abnormal in both the pulmonary and systemic circulations. The means that underlie these abnormalities are also unclear. It is obvious that tobacco smoking is a shared risk factor for both COPD and cardiovascular disease. Although, it is possible that there are other factors which may quite substantially increase the cardiovascular risk of patients with COPD. With this in mind, many authors agree that the persistent, low-grade, systemic inflammation that occurs in COPD may contribute further to the pathobiology of these cardiovascular abnormalities in COPD. If true, this may have substantial therapeutic implications in the management of these patients because anti-inflammatory therapy would be beneficial not only for the chronic inflammatory process which their lungs are undergoing but also for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. (AgustÄ ±Ã‚ ´, 2005, 367-370.) It is shown that the leading causes of mortality in those with COPD are cardiovascular in nature. Cardiovascular causes are listed as the main cause of death in nearly 50% of the cases, Nevertheless, this data, suggest that a large proportion of patients with COPD die from cardiovascular complications.   (Sin and Man, 2005, p8-11) The impact on cardiovascular function in COPD is mainly due to the increased right ventricular afterload caused by an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance resulting from the structural changes that take place in the pulmonary circulation with the disease One of the most beneficial treatments for COPD and its symptoms is exercise; exercise is proven to have a beneficial effect on your body compared to not exercising. By exercising you significantly increase your muscle strength and endurance. This means muscle dystrophy and atrophy are stopped and even reversed. You see a significant increase in endurance when you walk also as a result of exercising regularly and it also promotes increased efficiency of peripheral muscle oxygen extraction after muscle training, with less contribution from anaerobic (lactic acid) metabolism during exercise. (Clark, Cochrane, and Mackay, 1996, PP. 2590-2596) Aerobic capacity (VO2max) or maximum oxygen uptake is decreased with patients presenting with COPD, due to this the body starts to utilise the anaerobic energy system, this means that for walking the same distance as a normal person you will be utilising the phosphate and the lactic acid system which use less oxygen therefore your muscles fatigue easier. Lactate or metabolic threshold (VO2u) is known as exercise intensity with a sustained increase in blood lactate that cannot be prevented. Lactate threshold may be elevated by as much as 100% of its resting value by successful aerobic training in a normal subject. A de-conditioned individual there for has the potential for a significantly greater improvement in VO2max and VO2u with exercise training. When effective, this modality of physical reconditioning leads to improved functional exercise capacity and reduced breathlessness. Early implementation is desirable to obtain more meaningful responses. (COOPER, 2001, PP. S671-s679) Upper extremity exercise is also important for people who suffer from COPD as they are restricted in the amount of upper body exertion they can achieve even as much as to elevate their arm may cause dyspnoea and increased respiratory demands. It is shown that during unsupported arm exercise the respiratory muscles of the rib cage work actively help to maintain the posture of the upper torso and extended arms; due to this they decrease their roll in respiration in COPD patients. Therefore dyspnoea is worse with arm exercise than it is with leg exercise at the same total body oxygen consumption, suggesting that the load borne by the other inspiratory muscles must increase for the same level of increasing ventilation. (Grazzini, 2005, PP. 1403-1412) The increased demands even during a simple arm elevation may play a role in the development of the patient’s dyspnoea.   The limitation that occurs is a major problem that patients report when performing daily living activities involving the arms. It is important to apply an intervention of exercise training to try help. An upper extremity training regime for patients with COPD results in a reduction of ventilation requirements which will allow patients with COPD to perf orm sustained upper extremity activity with considerably less dyspnoea. A comprehensive pulmonary rehab programme that includes arm exercises, results in reduced metabolic and ventilator requirements for a simple arm lift. The addition of such training has been shown to improve upper extremity exercise endurances. Subjects who are in the early stages or whom are less severe may tolerate these increased loads without difficulty, whereas in severely obstructed patients with minimal reserve, increased ventilatory exertion and the associated recruitment of the diaphragm may contribute to increased dyspnoea. Although has some beneficial effects in this and most other studies to date, ventilatory capacity does not improve in terms of pulmonary function tests nor does fev or fev1. Additionally there is no cross over benefit to arm exercises or lower body exercises so it is important to incorporate both into a pulmonary rehabilitation for a patient with COPD to seek maximum benefit from the program. (Couser, Martinez and Celli, 1993, PP. 37-41) With COPD muscle wastage is quite common and 25% of all patients suffer from it. Muscle weakness and wastage also has adverse effects on fatigue. Leg fatigue for example limits patients with COPD in exercise. Normally the perception for muscle fatigue is higher in people with weak leg muscles than to those who are said to have strong legs. Patients with stronger muscles are said to have better exercise capacity this is true for people without COPD. Quadriceps strength has been found to have a significant effect on exercise capacity. So it is said that â€Å"leg fatigue is inversely proportional to leg muscle strength†. (Bourbeau, Nault, and Borycki, 2002, PP.190-191) Strength training is also appealing because it improves muscle strength and mass much better compared to aerobic training. In addition strength training causes less dyspnoea in the exercise period compared to aerobic training. Because of this it may be easier to tolerate for patients with severe cases of COPD. The re are different types of strength training can be used depending on the desired objective or the condition the patient is in. The different types are strength training where you are lifting between (90-100%) of one rep max (RM) this is using low repetitions with high weight which ameliorates strength, whereas when you use a lower weight and higher repetitions you work at a lower intensity for more reps which works on endurance. Moderate intensity work at (10-12) reps performed at 60-80% of one RM is ideal for patients with COPD as it fulfils the objective of building muscle strength and endurance while avoiding the likelihood of muscle injury which is common in high weight low repetition work. It is important to have your medication and a partner. This is important because, effectively, you may become disabled due to your breathlessness. (Bourbeau, Nault, and Borycki, 2002, PP.190-191) Physiotherapists address many of the symptoms of COPD like reducing the work of breathing, promoting clearance of the airways, improving mobility and promoting rehabilitation. Promoting successful management of these complex patients is in two parts: the accurate assessment of the patient to identify clear goals of treatment and team work, which underpins a thorough knowledge of the individual patient. (Mikelsons, 2008, PP. 2-7) There are three main techniques which may improve the efficiency of your breathing, pursed lip breathing, diaphragmatic breathing and paced breathing. These three techniques encourage complete emptying of your lungs and slower, deeper breaths, which will improve the efficiency of your breathing and encourages control of your breathing. Diaphragmatic breathing involves encouraging patients to move the abdominal wall predominantly during inspiration with reduction of rib cage movement and inhale slowly and deeply, in order to improve chest wall movement and the distribution of ventilation, decrease the work of breathing and improve exercise capacity. By utilizing the main muscle of inspiration, the diaphragm, it encourages relaxation of smaller, less efficient respiratory muscles. Using the diaphragm allows more air to move into the lungs with each breath which makes each breath more efficient. Diaphragmatic breathing also decreases the work of breathing by reducing the use smaller, less efficient muscles of the neck and shoulders. (NYU Medical Centre 1997). Diaphragmatic breathing (DB) has been claimed, but not demonstrated, to correct abnormal chest wall motion, in turn decrease the work of breathing (WOB) and dyspnoea and improve ventilation distribution. (Vitacca et al., 1998) Pursed lip breathing is commonly used in COPD patients as it is thought to alleviate dyspnoea. (Spahija, de Marchie, and Grassino, 2005, PP. 640-650) PLB is done by breathing in through the nose and out through the mouth against a resistance created by pursing the lips, this helps to prevent airway collapse. PLB helps you exhale more completely because it slows your respiratory rate and helps to keep your airways open longer. It has been shown that by performing PLB during exertion can lead to a reduction in respiratory rate and increased recovery rate compared with spontaneous breathing PLB can be used just prior to and during activities that have made you short of breath in the past.. PLB during exertion may therefore be a useful addition to the breathless patient’s regime and may be taught as a strategy to reduce respiratory rate of patients with COPD. It is good to use PLB when walking on inclines, up stairs and during any exercise or exertion. Despite the exercises being effective in reducing respiratory rate and decreasing work of breathing it is of note that it has been shown that fatigue of the diaphragm may develop earlier when using slow, deep breathing, but no differences in dyspnoea or exercise tolerance were found.12 R. Garrod, K. Dallimore and J. Cook et al., An evaluation of the acute impact of pursed lips breathing on walking distance in nonspontaneous pursed lips breathing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, Chronic Respir Dis 2 (2) (2005), pp. 67–72. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (12) Paced breathing involves coordinating your breathing pattern with the activity you are doing. For example, when walking on level surfaces breathe in for a count of 2 steps and out for a count of 4 steps. This will help regulate your breathing reducing anxiety and promote good relaxed and controlled breathing allowing you to continue with your activity. Physiotherapists prescribe Breathing exercises l ike Diaphragmatic breathing, breathing control and pursed lip breathing are to relieve breathlessness and promote relaxation. (NYU Medical Centre, 1997) Physiotherapists also teach a techniques called airway clearance techniques the most popular being called active cycle breathing technique (ACBT) which is used for acute exarberations of COPD during exercise. This technique is done by using an alternating depth of breathing to move phlegm from the small airways at the bottom of your lungs to the larger airways near the top where they can be cleared more easily with huffing/coughing in turn making it easier to breath by removing obstructions. ACBT is used by 88% of physiotherapists to treat acute exarberations of COPD. (Connolly and Yohannes 2007 pp. 110-113) Airway clearance techniques have a variety of different techniques such as the ACBT which has been explained, forced expiration technique (FET), and postural drainage (PD). PD is when the physiotherapist puts the patient in positions which make it easier to remove sputum because the cilia are damaged and cannot aid in its clearance of sputum. FET is used instead of coughing to re move sputum, it is found to be more effective than coughing. The main indicator for determining which of the techniques to use of any airway clearance technique is how much sputum they can clear while coughing independently. This will be a key indicator for a patient in the self-management of their disease and patients will be taught modifications of their airway clearance regime during an acute exacerbation by their physiotherapist. (Mikelsons, 2008 pgs 2-7) Physiotherapists may prescribe inspiratory muscle training (IMT) which has been used for co-ordination of respiratory muscles allows maximization of the use of abdominal muscles as inspiratory accessory muscles and has been proven to show benefits in exercise tolerance, Inspiratory muscle endurance and strength, breathlessness and improve quality of life. (Mikelsons, 2008 pgs 2-7) state that by including IMT in an exercise programme it has been shown to increase maximal inspiratory pressure, perception of breathlessness and health-related quality of life.50 R. Magadle, A.K. McConnell, M. Beckerman and P. Weiner, Inspiratory muscle training in pulmonary rehabilitation programme in COPD patients, Respir Med 101 (2007), pp. 1500–1505. Article | PDF (465 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (8) High-intensity IMT has also been shown to produce beneficial reductions in dyspnoea and fatigue in COPD patients. Usually a physiotherapist would prescribe training that would ta ke place over 6 to 9 weeks using   from 30 to 60% of maximal inspiratory pressure depending on the patient and how much they can manage, this differs from person to person. Another study by (Lotters et al., 2002 pp. 570-577) also had positive results and stated that IMT alone significantly improves inspiratory muscle strength and endurance, whereas the sensation of dyspnoea significantly decreases in patients with COPD. Although there are no significant additional effects of IMT on exercise performance IMT plus general exercise reconditioning has strong significant training effects on inspiratory muscle strength and endurance, especially in patients with inspiratory muscle weakness. In addition, a clinically significant decrease in dyspnoea sensation at rest and during exercise is also a result of IMT. Conclusion In conclusion there is an array of benefits of exercise training demonstrated in the essay which include, increase in exercise capacity, decrease in breathlessness, substantial changes in health related quality of life, decrease in anxiety, and improvements in depression. It has been shown that the inclusion of strength training is also necessary in the exercise prescription to help reduce fatigue; it has shown benefits in relief of respiratory demand in turn reducing dyspnoea. When evaluating anxiety and depression, there have been studies that show a higher rate of depression and anxiety in COPD patients than the general public. In comparison with the general medical population the rate of anxiety was not proven to be higher but much the same, although the level of depression in patients with COPD tended to be higher due to the disease having a reduced physical capacity and knowing that it will gradually get worse. Although by including a pulmonary rehabilitation program for COPD, patients show a statistically significant fall in both anxiety and depression as they progress in their program, with no patients showing any increases in either depression or anxiety. The inclusion of IMT used by physiotherapists combined with an exercise program has been shown to significantly increase in inspiratory muscle strength and inspiratory muscle endurance leading to the reduction of dyspnoea. Combining all of these techniques help in the management of COPD however it has to be said that although exercise improves certain symptoms of COPD, there still a null outcome when it comes to improvements in lung function (FEV1 or FEV). Referencing AgustÄ ±Ã‚ ´ A. G. N. (2005) Systemic Effects of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. American thoracic society, 2 (4), 367-370. Armstrong, C. L. Ed. (2010) Handbook of medical neuropsychology: applications of cognitive neuroscience. New York: Springer. Bourbeau, J. Nault, D. and Borycki, E. (2002) Comprehensive management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Canada:   BC Decker Inc. Clark, C.J. Cochrane, L. and Mackay, E. (1996) Low intensity peripheral muscle conditioning improves exercise tolerance and breathlessness in COPD. European respiratory journal, 9 (12), 2590-2596 Connolly, M. J. and Yohannes A. M. (2007) A national survey: percussion, vibration, shaking and active cycle breathing techniques used in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Physiotherapy, 93 (2), 110-113. COOPER C. B. (2001) Exercise in chronic pulmonary disease: aerobic exercise prescription. Medicine Science in Sports Exercise.   33 (7), S671-s679. Couser, Jr. J. I. Martinez, F. J. and Celli, B. R. (1993) Pulmonary rehabilitation that includes arm exercise reduces metabolic and ventilatory requirements for simple arm elevation. CHEST, 103 (1), 37-41. Decramer, M. et al. (2005) Systemic effects of COPD. Respiratory medicine, 99 (2), S3-s10. Grazzini, M. (2005) Pathophysiology of exercise dyspnea in healthy subjects and in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiratory medicine, 99(11), 1403-1412. Light, R. W. et al. (1985) Prevalence of depression and anxiety in patients with COPD. Relationship to functional capacity. Chest, 87 (1), 35-38. Lotters, F. et al (2002), Effects of controlled inspiratory muscle training in patients with COPD: a meta-analysis. European respiratory journal, 20 (3), 570-577. Miles, J. And Roberts, J. (2005) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 1st ed London: Class publishing. Mikelsons, M. (2008), The role of physiotherapy in the management of COPD, COPD update: Respiratory medicine, 4(1), 2-7. MIKKELSEN, R. L. (2004) Anxiety and depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, A review. European respiratory society, 58 (1)65-70. Nicholas, J. Rudkin, S. T. and White, R. J. (1999) Anxiety and Depression in Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: The Effects of Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, 19 (6), 362-365. NYU Medical Center (1997) COPD AND EXERCISE   [ONLINE]. Available at; http://pfrc.med.nyu.edu/handouts/pdf/proced/copdexer.pdf [Accessed 20 April 2011] Patient.co.uk (2010) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [ONLINE]. Available at; patient.co.uk/health/Chronic-Obstructive-Pulmonary-Disease.htm [Accessed 18 August 2011] Sin, D. D. and Paul Man S. F. (2005) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality. The American thoracic society, 2(1) 8-11. Spahija, J. de Marchie, M. and Grassino, A. (2005) Effects of Imposed Pursed-Lips Breathing on Respiratory Mechanics and Dyspnea at Rest and During Exercise in COPD. Chest,128 (2), 640-650. Vitacca, et al., (1998) Acute effects of deep diaphragmatic breathing in COPD patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency. European respiratory journal, 11 (2), 408-415.

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